(with) different epics, different heroes and different episodes," "We wish our people", he declared, "to develop to the fullest our spiritual, cultural, economic, social and political life in a way that we think best and in consonance with our own ideals and according to the genius of our people,"Jinnah developed this into a definition of Muslim nationhood that was most cogent, the most closely argued, and the most firmly based in international law since the time of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, "We are a nation," he wrote to Gandhi on 17 September 1944, "with our distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calendar, history and traditions, aptitude and ambitions; in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life,"Jinnah's Realisation: After independence, as head of the state he had founded, Jinnah talked in the same strain, He talked of securing "liberty, fraternity and equality as enjoined upon us by Islam" (25 August 1947); of "Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood" (21 February 1948); of raising Pakistan on "sure foundations of social justice and Islamic socialism which emphasized equality and brotherhood of man" (26 March 1948); of laying "the foundations of our democracy on the basis of true Islamic ideals and principles" (14 August 1948); and "the onward march of renaissance of Islamic culture and ideals" (18 August 1947), He called upon the mammoth Lahore audience to build up "Pakistan as a bulwark of Islam", to "live up to your traditions and add to it another chapter of glory", adding, "If we take our inspiration and guidance from the Holy Quran, the final victory, I once again say, will be ours" (30 October 1947),For Jinnah, "the creation of a State of our own was a means to an end and not the end in itself, The idea was ugg boots uk that we should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find free play" (11 October 1947), He told Edwards College students that "this mighty land has now been brought under a rule, which is Islamic, Muslim rule, as a sovereign independent State" (18 April 1948), He even described Pakistan as "the premier Islamic State" (February 1948),Technically speaking, theocracy means a government "by ordained priests, who wield authority as being specially appointed by those who claim to derive their rights from their sacerdotal position," Unlike Catholicism, there is no established church in Islam; (in fact, it decries such a church), Moreover, since Islam admits of no priestcraft, since it discountenances a sacerdotal class as the bearer of an infallible authority, and since it concedes the right of ijtihad to "men of common sense", the concept of theocracy is absolutely foreign to Islam, Hence, during the debate on the Objectives Resolution (March 1947), Mian Iftikharuddin refuted the Congress members fears about the sovereignty clause, saying that "the wording of the Preamble does not in any way make the Objectives Resolution any the more theocratic, any the more religious than the Resolution or statement of fundamental principles of some of the modern countries of the world" (10 March 1949), Thus neither Iqbal, nor Jinnah, nor any of the independence leaders (including Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani) stood for a theocratic state,Not surprisingly, it has elicited varied comments from scholars and contemporary journalists, One scholar has put it down to "loose thinking and imprecise wording" and a departure from Jinnah's erstwhile position, Another calls it "a remarkable reversal" and asks "was he [Jinnah] pleading for a united India demands and called off the meeting, It was a major turning point, OConnell true to his principle of solely peaceful means complied with the authoritiess Indian possessions were cheap uggs organised with Delhi as the pivot,, Delhi saw itself emerging into political limelight, The limelight added glamour to the land and began its metamorphosis, This small piece of land was permanently associated with the notion of power,Ghori was not C market is not attractive to newcomers due to: highly established companies (Dell, Compaq, HP) controlling large portions of the market, low margins and an overflowed market,Availability of substitute products

some celebrated but more often men and UGG Australia on sale women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom, For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life, For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth, For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn, Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life, They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction, Here Obama invokes the experiences of a wide variety of Americans, from all walks of life, in triumphing over adversity, Those who sophia As for medicine it was the glory of Egyptian science, It started with the priests and in it was found the proofs of its magical origin,Meanwhile, many people from Greece, Asia Minor and other parts of Africa became students of these priests, Among these students were Thales, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Plato, Aristotle and other notable philosophers; some among them are those some Western historians classified as the first philosophers, 5,0, WHERE IS THE ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY, Long before the curtain rose on written records, Near Easterners had developed urban life with ordered governments, religions, and social and economic institutions, Still earlier, those who occupied the arch of the Fertile Crescent and nearby territory had discovered metal, realized its potentialities, and worked it into tools and weapons that replaced the more primitive stone implements of the preceding generations, In those crude tools of flint and copper lay a dim vision of the gigantic machines and engines so vital to our modern life, Even earlier, and probably in that same general area, primitive man learned through long and sustained experience, initiated by chance, that certain wild plants could be cultivated and certain wild animals could be domesticated, He then lifted himself from the status of a food gatherer--wandering from place to place in quest of sustenance--to that of a food producer, with a dependable reservoir of food which made possible a settled life with its accumulation of wealth, an increase in population and leisure time part of which could be devoted to the cultivation of the higher things of life, Civilization first developed where it did because this was the one region of the globe that provided the climate, vegetation, and fauna necessary for transition from a life of nomadic grazing and hunting to a settled one, For most people, philosophy began in Miletus in Greece and the Greeks are the first philosophers, To give a justification for their arguments they quickly recite litanies of Greek philosophers such as the ones mentioned above and their exact periods of existence, with this, they are able to defeat the shallow-minded fellows who may attempt to engage them in debate with regard to the cradle of philosophy, The question is: why the Greeks, What was special about the Greeks that led to the origin of philosophy with them, For many years now, the simple answer given to this question is that the Greeks were different; they had some special genius that enabled them to think about things in new and different ways, This answer of course, is unsatisfactory because it was not the entire Greeks that were blessed with this genetic endowment but only some of them like the Milesians and the Athenians, while the Spartans were excluded, Some philosophers and historians have attempted to trace the birthplace of philosophy and to them; especially the Westerners in their writings have demonstrated that the birth place of philosophy is Greece, Samuel Enoch Stumpf is of the view that s invoking in his references to Social History of Nepal' by T R Vaidya, Tri Ratna Manandhar and Shanker Lal Joshi chronicles the early history of education in Nepal, According to them, in 1932, Juddha Shamshere had given permission to open the first all girls' school in Kathmandu in which students were trained in embroidery, needle works, weaving, etc besides simple reading, writing and arithmetic, It is interesting to know that the first girl to pass the School Leaving Certificate examinations (SLC) was Lekha Rajya Laxmi Rana who passed out with a first division but she presumably, gave her examinations from out of the country, The Nepal SLC Examination Board was founded in 1934 and in 1948, the first batch of girls to pass out under its authority were Angur Baba Joshi (long time principal of Padma Kanya Campus), Sahana Devi Pradhan (UML leader and a minister many times), Bhuvana Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah and Sadhana Devi Pradhan (wife of late Prime Minister Manmohan Adhikari), Some early schools in Kathmandu included the Shantinikinya Public School, a co-educational institution which was founded in 1945 and Biswaniketan and Sitaram Schools which were established a year later, Padma Kanya School, established in 1947, was the first recognized girls' high school in Nepal, Another girls' school, Kanya Mandir, was also founded in that year,One of the oldest private co-educational schools is Vanasthali Vidyashram which was established in 1951 in Balaju and is now known as Siddhartha Vanasthali Institute, Today, it has a large number of students, about 3000, and an outstanding record as far as SLC results are concerned, Anandakuti Bidyapeeth near Swaymabhunnath, was established in January 1952 by the late Bikchhu Amritananda Mahasthavir as Buddhist boarding high school, In spite of a rich history, it is apparently not doing too well at the moment, Laboratory School near Tribhuvan University was established in 1956 with support from the US government, The ex prince, Paras Shah, received his high school diploma from here and it was once renowned for its academic excellence which resulted in its students topping the SLC results time and again, In time, however, it has reportedly lost much of its distinction and subsequently, its enrollment too has gone down significantly, Mahendra Bhawan Girls' Higher Secondary School in Gaucharan, Kathmandu, another large school, was established in 1957 with assistance from the United Mission to Nepal, Now it is a co-educational school with the name Mahendra Bhawan School,The Shri Padma Secondary School was the first school to be established in Bhaktapur, Patan Madhyamik School in Lalitpur is also one of the earliest schools in that district, One of the largest higher secondary schools in Nepal with more than 5,000 students is Adarsha Vidya Mandir which was founded in 1965 in the capital, The school has unfortunately been in the news recently for the wrong reason - the kidnap and murder in June 2009 of one of its students by an ex- teacher whose accomplice was also a recently passed out girl student, Gandaki Higher Secondary Boarding School in Pokhara was established in 1966 with help from the United Mission to Nepal and the Shining Hospital, Another pioneering school is Kathmandu's Kanti Ishwari Shishu Vidyalaya, Established in 1967, many of the royal family children completed their pre-primary and primary level of education from here, Gyanodaya Bal Batika School began as a pre-primary school in 1975 and today is a full fledged secondary school at Sanepa, Lalitpur, While it is an exclusive day school, its affiliate, the Gyanodaya Residential School, established in 1999, and located at Bungamati, Khokana, is exclusively for boarding students, Similarly, there are other schools, though primarily located authentic ugg bootsin Kathmandu, that have played a pioneering role in the educational history of Nepal and it would be difficult to list them all, Nevertheless, one can say that the development has been a steadily progressive one,St,, Xavier's and St, Mary's were, for many years, the first schools of choice, and I daresay, continue to be so to a great extent, Their alumni boast of the who's who of Nepal, ranging from royalty to stalwarts of industry and commerce; highly regarded professionals to diplomats and top bureaucrats to administrators, No doubt, for the most part, because of their location, Kathmandu dwellers have had the most opportunity to be educated in these elite centres of learning, Budhanilkantha School is another of the country's elite schools, It was established in 1972 on the late King Mahendra's initiative as a joint venture with the United Kingdom government, Designated as a 'National School', students are enrolled from all over the country and about one third of them study on scholarships provided to the meritorious and needy after a very selective entrance exam, Managed by British head masters for the first twenty years, the aim of the school is to foster a feeling of equality among the rich and the poor, Admission to this school, naturally, is much sought after not least because; many of its graduates have also been successful in winning scholarships to attend colleges and universities worldwide,Some other elite schools in the capital are those that are meant primarily for expatriate students, One such is Lincoln School which was founded in 1954, Its average enrollment is about 350 and according to the school authorities, the school usually has students from some 40 nationalities at any given time, Recent figures show the following ratios:, 25% from North America, 28% from Europe, 20% from Nepal, and 22% from other regions, Expectedly, the fee structure is steep with the annual tuition as high as $14,400 (about Rs, 11, 00,000) for middle school students, Registration and admission fees cost another Rs, 3, 00, 000 or so,, One does wonder who in Nepal can really afford to have their students study in this school, But, seemingly, there are, as indicated by the above figures, The British School, founded in 1967, charges around NRs, 7, 00, 000 as annual tuition for middle level classes and registration and development fee and deposit come to about NRs, 4, 70, 000 per child at the same level, High costs no doubt, but then these schools are meant for the well off expatriates' children, Another school once meant for expatriates' children is Modern Indian School which was inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru Prize winner, the late Shri Tulsi Mehar Shrestha, in 1978 at Chobhar in Kathmandu, Originally meant to impart quality education to children of Indian nationals serving in Nepal, gradually, a substantial number of local and other children too have become part of its student population,Little Angels School was established in 1981, The school has a primary wing at Jhamsikhel while the main Hattiban campus not only offers education up to high school but also beyond post-secondary levels, The school runs higher secondary classes in science and commerce streams as well as BBA and BBIS courses affiliated to Kathmandu University, Little Angels School is undoubtedly one of the largest and best facilitated schools in the country, It also has an excellent academic record, its students having been placed more than two dozen times on the top-ten list of SLC graduates, The school officials credit their success to various factors like: availability of a well balanced and updated curriculum; dedicated teachers; sufficient resource materials and teaching aids; infrastructure conducive to the teaching-learning process and implementation of well planned and motivating programmes,Brihaspati Vidyasadan was established in 1985 by Maurice Banerjee, ex Principal of St, Joseph's School, Darjeeling, Currently the student strength is 1260 in classes from nursery to class 12 and A Level, The school is divided into five wings, Primary, Junior Secondary, Middle, Upper Secondary, Higher Secondary, and A Level, Kumudini Homes, Pokhara, was founded in 1985 by K, Palikhe, Besides the fact that it is set amongst truly verdant surroundings, the school has gained a reputation of being one of the better institutes of learning in the country, Galaxy Public School, established in 1986 with nine students and two teachers, now has a student population of 3296 and a faculty staff of 400, It runs classes from nursery to class 12 and according to school authorities, the school gives a lot of emphasis to pre-school, kindergarten and primary education since it believes that children are most impressionable when very young, The progress of Galaxy has been phenomenal in terms of both curricular and extra-curricular activities, 17 of its students have been placed on the SLC merit list so far and the school has won many laurels in sporting activities as well,The private school sector is really huge now and it appears that they might soon be running out of catchy names altogether, And, as in other sectors, there will be a few who manage to stand out because of one reason or the other (savvy promoters, large investment capacity, outstanding infrastructure, international collaboration, etc), A few that come to mind are Shuvatara School in Sanepa; Rato Bangala in Patan Dhoka, founded in 1992; Malpi International School (est,1991) in Kavre district; DAV School (est, 1993) which has schools in Kathmandu, Birganj, Sarlahi and Biratnagar, and Ullens School, established in 2006 in Khumaltar, Lalitpur, In fact there are many more schools which have distinguished themselves, and the only excuse that they are not mentioned here is because of the paucity of space,While on this subject, perhaps it would be pertinent to point out that it is often its students being featured on the top ten of the SLC Board exams, which have usually propelled a school into the limelight, No wonder then that most schools do whatever they need to do make sure that some of their students feature in this privileged list, Some are of the opinion that this necessity has made education extremely exam oriented in the country at the expense of a more rounded one, Nevertheless, one must appreciate the rapidity with which schools have developed in this country which has resulted in the net primary enrollment in schools reaching 89 % in 2007, according to a World Bank report, and the literacy rate climbing to a respectable 55,2 %,The first college in the country, Tri Chandra College, was established in 1918, The Rana Prime Minister, Chandra Shamsher, saw higher education as a threat to monarchy and was initially opposed to the idea, Nonetheless, he yielded to growing pressure but is reported to have remarked at its inauguration, "With the opening of this college, I have hacked my own leg," For many years, examinations were conducted by the Patna University in India, Soon, Tri Chandra College was followed by other colleges like Padma Kanya College, Patan College, discount uggs uk Durbar College, Nepal National College (later Shankar Dev Campus) and Amrit Science College, all in Kathmandu; Thakur Ram College in Birgunj, RR College in Janakpur, Mahendra Morang College in Biratnagar and Tribhuvan College in Palpa, They too followed the curriculum of Patna University,Tribhuvan University (TU) was founded in 1959 and was the only university until 1985, A World Bank report of 2005/2006 states that there were about 600 campuses in Nepal in that year, with an enrollment figure of about 253,889 students of which 91% were in TU, According to latest figures (2008/2009) 561 private colleges, spread all over the country, are now affiliated to TU besides its 60 constituent campuses, The total number of students is 2, 90,833 and there are 7,049 faculty members in its constituent campuses and five institutes: Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Engineering, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Institute of Medicine and the Institute of Forestry, and four faculties: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Management, Faculty of Education, and Faculty of Law,Subsequently, the following universities also came into being: Mahendra Sanskrit University(est,1986), Kathmandu University (est, 1991) with 8266 students, Purbanchal University (1994) with 8000 students, Pokhara University (1997) with 5400 students, Lumbini Bouddha University (2005), Mid Western University,Nepal Agriculture and Forestry University and Siddhartha University, Two academic institutions that are equivalent to universities are: B,P, Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (1993) and National Academy of Medical Sciences (2002),It is obvious that colleges since then have been always hot beds of political activity, and their activism has often been the cause of sweeping political changes, One can easily find a long list of political leaders calling the shots in the myriad of Nepal's political parties, who were all once student leaders, In fact, it can almost be taken for granted now that presidents of student bodies will one day or the other, become ministers and even prime ministers, Ex Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba is a good example as are Ram Chandra Poudyal, once a Deputy Prime Minister and Bijay Kumar Gachhadar, the present Deputy Prime Minister, All three were fiery student leaders and Gachhadar, in fact, was once shot in the head during student elections in the 1980s in Morang Multiple Campus in Biratnagar, The present Information Minister, Shankar Pokharel, was once the president of the national student union, Another ex minister, Surendra Choudhary, earned his political credentials as a student leader while studying at Thakur Ram Campus in Birganj, one of the pioneering colleges outside the capital, Because of its relatively easier path to prominence, it is a fact that there are many who keep on having themselves registered as students even when they are well past their student days, just so they keep on being student leaders, All student union bodies are offshoots of one political party or the other, making college environments into highly politicized ones, Student union elections are considered the harbingers of the next general elections - the union which gains a majority indicates which political party will win the next elections,Nevertheless, higher education, which was once confined to government colleges and so, at the mercy of disturbances due to recurring political activism, is now available in a large number of private institutions where student activism even if present, is to a much lesser degree, However, as mentioned before, the clear majority of students seeking college degrees still attend the government colleges because of factors like cost and convenience of admission, In addition, there has been a spurt in private specialized institutions as well, with the result that for medicine alone, there are 12 colleges across the length and breadth of the country, Institute of Medicine, established in 1972 in Kathmandu is the country's premier medical institution and it has 12 campuses nationwide, It is of course a welcome development which should augur in a great deal of self dependence in the medical field, At the same time, medical studies are not cheap and the tuition fees alone (disregarding other heavy costs like registration fees, hostel, books, etc,) can be somewhere in the range of Rs, 3 million for a MBBS degree program in private colleges,As far as engineering colleges are concerned, there are 20 such institutions throughout the country providing degree programs in architecture, civil engineering, computer engineering, electronics and communication, electrical and electronics, energy engineering, civil and rural engineering, etc, Institute of Engineering (IOE) was established in 1972 and is the premier engineering institution in the country and it has four campuses, namely, Thapathali Campus, Pulchowk Campus, Eastern Regional Campus and Western Regional Campus, IOE also has the distinction of being adjudged as one of the best such colleges in South Asia, The Nepal Engineering College (NEC) established in 1994, is Nepal's first private engineering college, Engineering studies appear to be much more affordable taking NEC's fees as an example: Rs, 3, 97,000 for B, E, (4 yrs,), Rs, 4, 41,000 for B, E, (civil and rural - 4 & 1/2 yrs,) and Rs, 4, 85,000 for B, Arch (5 yrs,),There are other specialized colleges are well, teaching a host of vocational subjects, Yes, colleges too have seen a noteworthy growth and this bodes well for the country, At the same time, these centers of higher learning need to be on their toes to see to it that the now customary ills of government campuses do not infect them as well, It must however, be admitted that this wasn't always the case with government colleges, I remember how proud my father was when I gained admission to Amrit Science College in the 1970s, It was the eminent college of the time and if we were to go through its alumni, we would see that it consists of many renowned professionals, administrators and bureaucrats in its ranks, It was almost a given that almost all the doctors and engineers of the country would be products of this college, The case is not the same now and maybe it is to be expected that the old has to give in to the new, Well, seeing that there are so many good colleges now, one perhaps need not worry,Nepal indeed can be proud of its development in the educational sector, It has been a successful journey, But, at the same time, it is essential to keep in mind the guiding philosophy as enunciated by the experts (National Education Plan);

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